Cellulose etheramapangidwa kuchokera mapadi ndi etherification anachita ndi mmodzi kapena angapo etherification wothandizira ndi youma akupera.Malingana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala a ether substituents, ma cellulose ethers amatha kugawidwa mu anionic, cationic, ndi nonion ethers.Ma Ionic cellulose ethers makamaka amaphatikizapo carboxymethyl cellulose ethers (CMC);Non ionic cellulose ethers makamaka imaphatikizapo methyl cellulose ether (MC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ether (Mtengo wa HPMC), ndi hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HC).Non ionic ethers amagawidwanso kukhala ma ether osungunuka m'madzi ndi ma ether osungunuka amafuta, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga matope.Pamaso pa ayoni kashiamu, ionic cellulose ether ndi yosakhazikika, choncho sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri muzosakaniza zowuma zamatope pogwiritsa ntchito simenti, laimu wa hydrated, ndi zipangizo zina za simenti.Non ionic water-soluble cellulose ethers amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani opanga zida zomangira chifukwa cha kuyimitsidwa kwawo komanso kusungirako madzi.
1. Mankhwala a cellulose ether
Aliyense cellulose etherali ndi kapangidwe ka cellulose - kapangidwe ka glucose wopanda madzi.Popanga ether ya cellulose, ulusi wa cellulose umayamba kutenthedwa mu njira ya alkaline, kenako amathandizidwa ndi etherification agents.The fibrous reaction mankhwala amayeretsedwa ndi pansi kupanga yunifolomu ufa ndi fineness inayake.
Panthawi yopanga MC, methane chloride yokha imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati etherifying agent;Kuphatikiza pa kugwiritsa ntchito methane chloride popangaMtengo wa HPMC, epoxy propylene imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupeza zolowa m'malo mwa hydroxypropyl.Ma cellulose ether osiyanasiyana amakhala ndi ma methyl ndi hydroxypropyl m'malo osiyanasiyana, omwe amakhudza kusungunuka kwa organic kwa cellulose ether solution ndi kutentha kwa gel osakaniza ndi zinthu zina.
2. Zochitika zogwiritsira ntchito cellulose ether
Cellulose etherndi polima yopanda ionic semi synthetic yokhala ndi zinthu zosungunuka m'madzi komanso zosungunulira, ndipo zotsatira zake zimasiyana m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana.Mwachitsanzo, muzinthu zomangira mankhwala, zimakhala ndi zotsatirazi:
① Wosunga madzi ② Thickener ③ Kusanja katundu ④ Kapangidwe ka filimu ⑤ zomatira
MuZithunzi za PVCmafakitale, ndi emulsifier ndi dispersant;M'makampani opanga mankhwala, cellulose ndi mtundu wazinthu zomangira komanso zotulutsa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo ndendende chifukwa zimakhala ndi zophatikiza zingapo, magawo ake ogwiritsira ntchito ndiwonso ochulukirapo.Pansipa, tiwona njira zogwiritsira ntchito ndi ntchito za cellulose ether muzomangamanga zosiyanasiyana.
(1) Mu utoto wa latex:
M'makampani opanga utoto wa latex, ndikofunikira kusankhahydroxyethyl cellulose.Zomwe zimapangidwira kukhuthala kofanana ndi RT30000-5000cps, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mawonekedwe a HBR250.Mlingo wotchulidwa nthawi zambiri umakhala pafupifupi 1.5 ‰ -2 ‰.Ntchito yayikulu ya hydroxyethyl mu utoto wa latex ndikukhuthala, kuteteza gel osakaniza, kumathandizira kuti pigment ibalalitsidwe, kukhazikika kwa latex, kuwongolera kukhuthala kwa zigawo, komanso kumathandizira pakuwongolera magwiridwe antchito: hydroxyethyl cellulose ndiyosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, yomwe imatha kusungunuka madzi ozizira ndi madzi otentha, ndipo samakhudzidwa ndi mtengo wa PH.Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala pakati pa PI mtengo 2-12.Njira zitatu zotsatirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito: I Mwachindunji kuwonjezera pakupanga: Njirayi iyenera kusankha mtundu wochedwa wa hydroxyethyl cellulose, ndi nthawi yosungunuka yopitilira mphindi 30.Kagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi motere: ① Ikani madzi oyera ochulukirachulukira mumtsuko wokhala ndi chovundikira chachikulu;② Yambani kuyambitsa pa liwiro lotsika osayima, Nthawi yomweyo, pang'onopang'ono komanso molingana yonjezerani hydroxyethyl yankho.③ Pitirizani kuyambitsa mpaka zida zonse zitanyowa.④ Onjezani zowonjezera zina ndi zowonjezera zamchere.⑤ Onetsetsani mpaka hydroxyethyl yonse itasungunuka.Kenako yikani zigawo zina mu chilinganizo ndi pogaya mpaka yomalizidwa mankhwala.II.Kukonzekera kwa mowa wamayi kuti mugwiritse ntchito: Njirayi imatha kusankha mtundu wanthawi yomweyo ndipo imakhala ndi anti nkhungu pa cellulose.Ubwino wa njirayi ndikuti umakhala ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu ndipo ukhoza kuwonjezeredwa mwachindunji ku utoto wa latex.Njira yokonzekera ndi yofanana ndi masitepe ① mpaka ④.III.Kukonzekera kwa Congee ngati zinthu zomwe zidzagwiritsidwe ntchito mtsogolo: Popeza zosungunulira za organic ndi zosungunulira zoyipa (zosasungunuka) za hydroxyethyl, zosungunulirazi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza Congee ngati zinthu.Zosungunulira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi organic liquid mu emulsion paint formula, monga ethylene glycol, propylene glycol ndi film forming agent (monga diethylene glycol butyl acetate).The Congee ngati hydroxyethyl cellulose akhoza kuwonjezeredwa mwachindunji ku utoto, ndiyeno pitirizani kusonkhezera mpaka kusungunuka kwathunthu.
(2) Kukwapula khoma putty:
Pakadali pano, putty wokonda zachilengedwe yemwe samva madzi ndi kukolopa wakhala amtengo wapatali m'mizinda yambiri ku China.M'zaka zingapo zapitazi, chifukwa cha mpweya wa formaldehyde wochokera ku putty wopangidwa ndi zomatira, zomwe zimawononga thanzi la anthu, zomatira zomangira zidakonzedwa ndi acetal reaction ya polyvinyl mowa ndi formaldehyde.Chifukwa chake zinthuzi zimathetsedwa pang'onopang'ono ndi anthu, ndipo choloweza m'malo mwa zinthuzi ndi zinthu za cellulose ether, zomwe zikutanthauza kupanga zida zomangira zoteteza zachilengedwe.Ma cellulose ndizomwe zilipo pakali pano.Mu putty wosamva madzi, imatha kugawidwa m'mitundu iwiri: ufa wowuma ndi putty phala.Nthawi zambiri, methyl cellulose yosinthidwa ndi hydroxypropyl methyl amasankhidwa ngati mitundu iwiri ya putty, ndipo mawonekedwe a viscosity nthawi zambiri amakhala pakati pa 30000-60000 cps.Ntchito yayikulu ya cellulose mu putty ndikusunga madzi, chomangira, ndi mafuta.Chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma putty a opanga osiyanasiyana, ena ndi calcium yotuwira, calcium yopepuka, simenti yoyera, ndi zina, pomwe ena ndi ufa wa gypsum, calcium imvi, calcium yowala, ndi zina zambiri, mawonekedwe ake, kukhuthala, komanso kuchuluka kwa cellulose. mitundu iwiriyi ndi yosiyananso, ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa pafupifupi 2 ‰ -3 ‰.Pomanga khoma la putty, chifukwa cha kuyamwa kwamadzi pamunsi pakhoma (kuchuluka kwa madzi kumakoma a njerwa ndi 13%, komanso kuyamwa kwa madzi konkriti ndi 3-5%), kuphatikiza ndi kunja. evaporation, ngati putty kutaya madzi mofulumira kwambiri, zingachititse ming'alu kapena ufa peeling, motero kufooketsa mphamvu ya putty.Choncho, kuwonjezera cellulose ether kuthetsa vutoli.Komabe, mtundu wa zinthu zodzaza, makamaka mtundu wa calcium imvi, ndiwofunikanso kwambiri.Chifukwa cha kukhuthala kwakukulu kwa cellulose, imathandiziranso kukhazikika kwa putty, imapewa kugwa pakanthawi yomanga, ndipo imakhala yabwinoko komanso yopulumutsa ntchito kuti ikule.Ether ya cellulose mu powder putty iyenera kuwonjezeredwa kufakitale moyenera.Kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwake ndikosavuta, ndipo zinthu zodzaza ndi zowonjezera zimatha kusakanikirana ndi ufa wouma.Ntchito yomanganso ndiyosavuta, ndipo kugawa madzi pamalowo kumadalira kuchuluka kwa ntchitoyo.
(3) Dongo la konkriti:
Mu matope a konkire, kuti mukwaniritse mphamvu zomaliza, ndikofunikira kuthira simenti kwathunthu.Makamaka pakumanga kwa chilimwe, pamene kutayika kwa madzi kwa matope a konkire kumathamanga kwambiri, njira zonse za hydration zimatengedwa kuti zisungidwe ndi kuwaza madzi.Njirayi imapangitsa kuti madzi awonongeke komanso kusokoneza ntchito, ndipo chinsinsi chake ndi chakuti madzi ali pamtunda, pamene hydration yamkati imakhala yosakwanira.Chifukwa chake, yankho la vutoli ndi:, Kuonjezera ma cellulose osungira madzi asanu ndi atatu ku konkire yamatope nthawi zambiri kumasankha hydroxypropyl methyl kapena methyl cellulose, yokhala ndi makulidwe a viscosity kuyambira 20000 mpaka 60000 cps ndikuwonjezera 2% mpaka 3%.Pozungulira, kuchuluka kwa kusunga madzi kumatha kuwonjezeka mpaka 85%.Njira yogwiritsira ntchito konkire yamatope ndikusakaniza ufa wouma mofanana ndikutsanulira madzi mkamwa.
(4) Popaka gypsum, kumanga gypsum, ndi gypsum yokhotakhota:
Ndikukula kwachangu kwamakampani omanga, kufunikira kwa zida zatsopano zomangira kukukulirakuliranso tsiku ndi tsiku.Chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwachitetezo cha chilengedwe komanso kuwongolera kosalekeza kwa zomangamanga, zopangira simenti za gypsum zakula mwachangu.Pakalipano, zinthu zambiri za gypsum zimaphatikizapo kupaka gypsum, gypsum yomangiriza, gypsum ophatikizidwa, tile binder, ndi zina.Makoma omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popaka pulasitala ndi osakhwima komanso osalala, osasenda ufa ndi kumamatira mwamphamvu pansi, popanda kusweka kapena kusenda, komanso ndi ntchito yoteteza moto;Bonded gypsum ndi mtundu watsopano womangira ma board board, omwe amapangidwa kuchokera ku gypsum ngati maziko ndikuwonjezedwa ndi zowonjezera zosiyanasiyana.Ndizoyenera kulumikizana pakati pa zida zosiyanasiyana zomangira khoma ndipo zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osagwiritsa ntchito poizoni, osanunkhiza, mphamvu zoyambira, kukhazikitsa mwachangu, komanso kulumikizana mwamphamvu.Ndizinthu zothandizira pomanga matabwa ndi matabwa;Gypsum joint filler ndi chinthu chodzaza mipata pakati pa gypsum board, komanso chodzaza makoma ndi ming'alu.Zogulitsa za gypsumzi zimakhala ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana.Kuphatikiza pa gypsum ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera, vuto lalikulu ndiloti zowonjezera zowonjezera za cellulose ether zimagwira ntchito yaikulu.Chifukwa chakuti gypsum imagawidwa kukhala gypsum anhydrous ndi hemihydrate gypsum, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya gypsum imakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana pa ntchito ya mankhwala.Chifukwa chake, kukhuthala, kusunga madzi, ndi kuchedwetsa kumatsimikizira mtundu wa zida zomangira gypsum.Vuto lodziwika bwino ndi zida izi ndikubowola ndi kung'ambika, ndipo mphamvu zoyambira sizingafikire.Kuti athetse vutoli, m'pofunika kusankha chitsanzo cha mapadi ndi gulu magwiritsidwe njira retarders.Pachifukwa ichi, methyl kapena hydroxypropyl methyl nthawi zambiri amasankhidwa ngati 30000 mpaka 60000 cps, ndi kuchuluka kwa 1.5% -2%.Pakati pawo, cellulose imayang'ana kwambiri kusungirako madzi, kuchedwetsa, ndi mafuta.Komabe, sizingatheke kugwiritsa ntchito cellulose ether monga retarder mu ndondomekoyi, ndipo m'pofunika kuwonjezera citric acid retarder kusakaniza ndi kuigwiritsa ntchito popanda kukhudza mphamvu yoyamba.Mlingo wosunga madzi nthawi zambiri umatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amatayika popanda kuyamwa kwamadzi kunja.Ngati khomalo ndi louma, kuyamwa kwamadzi ndi kutuluka kwachilengedwe kwapansi panthaka kumapangitsa kuti zinthu ziwonongeke mwachangu, zomwe zingayambitsenso kuphulika ndi kusweka.Njira yogwiritsira ntchito iyi ndikusakaniza ufa wouma.Ngati mukukonzekera yankho, chonde onani njira yokonzekera yankho.
(5) Mtondo wa insulation
Insulation mortar ndi mtundu watsopano wazinthu zotchingira khoma zamkati kumpoto, zomwe ndi khoma lopangidwa ndi zinthu zotsekereza, matope, ndi zomatira.Ma cellulose amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakulumikizana ndikuwonjezera mphamvu pazinthu izi.Nthawi zambiri, methyl cellulose yokhala ndi mamasukidwe apamwamba (mozungulira 10000eps) imasankhidwa, ndipo mlingo umakhala pakati pa 2 ‰ -3 ‰.Njira yogwiritsira ntchito ndikusakaniza ufa wowuma.
(6) Interface agent
Wothandizira mawonekedwe ayenera kukhalaMtengo wa HPMC20000 cps, ndipo zomatira za matailosi ziyenera kupitilira 60000 cps.Mu mawonekedwe othandizira, kuyang'ana kuyenera kukhala pa thickening wothandizira, zomwe zingapangitse mphamvu zamakokedwe komanso kukana muvi.Ikani chosungira madzi pomangirira matailosi kuti asagwe msanga chifukwa cha kutaya madzi.
3. Makampani unyolo mkhalidwe
(1) Makampani akumtunda
Waukulu zopangira zofunika popangacellulose ethermonga thonje woyengedwa (kapena zamkati nkhuni) ndi zina zosungunulira mankhwala ambiri ntchito, monga epoxy propane, chloromethane, madzi alkali, flake alkali, ethylene okusayidi, toluene, ndi zipangizo zina wothandiza.Mabizinesi akumtunda mumsikawu akuphatikiza mabizinesi opangidwa ndi thonje woyengedwa ndi nkhuni, komanso mabizinesi ena amankhwala.Kusinthasintha kwamitengo ya zinthu zazikuluzikulu zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa kudzakhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana pamtengo wopangira komanso mtengo wogulitsa wa cellulose ether.
Mtengo wa thonje woyengedwa ndi wokwera kwambiri.Kutengera zomangira kalasi mapadi etere monga chitsanzo, pa nthawi malipoti, gawo la woyengeka thonje mtengo kwa malonda mtengo wa zomangira kalasi mapadi efa anali 31.74%, 28.50%, 26.59%, ndi 26.90%, motero.Kusinthasintha kwamitengo ya thonje woyengedwa kudzakhudza mtengo wopanga cellulose ether.Chopangira chachikulu chopangira thonje woyengedwa ndi thonje la thonje.Linter ya thonje ndi imodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga thonje, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zinthu monga zamkati za thonje, thonje woyengedwa, ndi nitrocellulose.Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pamtengo wogwiritsira ntchito ndi kugwiritsa ntchito thonje la thonje ndi thonje, ndipo mitengo yawo ndi yotsika kwambiri kuposa ya thonje, koma pali mgwirizano wina ndi kusinthasintha kwa mitengo ya thonje.Kusinthasintha kwamitengo ya thonje linter kudzakhudza mtengo wa thonje woyengedwa.
Kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwamitengo ya thonje woyengedwa kudzakhala ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana pakuwongolera mitengo yopangira, mitengo yamitengo, komanso phindu la mabizinesi am'makampaniwa.Pankhani ya mitengo yamtengo wapatali ya thonje woyengedwa komanso mitengo yotsika mtengo yamtengo wamtengo wapatali, kuti muchepetse mtengo, zamkati zamatabwa zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa thonje loyengedwa, makamaka popanga ma cellulose ether okhala ndi kukhuthala kotsika monga mankhwala ndi chakudya. kalasi ya cellulose ethers.Malinga ndi zomwe zapezeka patsamba la National Bureau of Statistics, mchaka cha 2013, malo obzala thonje ku China anali mahekitala 4.35 miliyoni, ndipo thonje ladziko lonse lapansi linali matani 6.31 miliyoni.Malinga ndi ziwerengero za China Cellulose Viwanda Association, mu 2014, kuchuluka kwa thonje woyengedwa ndi mabizinesi akuluakulu opanga thonje woyenga m'nyumba kunali matani 332,000, okhala ndi zida zokwanira.
Zida zazikulu zopangira zida zamakina a graphite ndi chitsulo ndi graphite carbon.Mtengo wa chitsulo ndi mpweya wa graphite umakhala wokwera mtengo wamtengo wopangira zida zamakina a graphite.Kusinthasintha kwamitengo ya zida izi kudzakhala ndi vuto linalake pamtengo wopangira komanso kugulitsa mtengo wa zida zamankhwala a graphite.
(2) Mkhalidwe wamakampani akumunsi a cellulose ether
Cellulose ether, monga "industrial monosodium glutamate", ali ndi chiwerengero chochepa cha zowonjezera ndi ntchito zambiri, ndi mafakitale akumunsi omwe amabalalika m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana a chuma cha dziko.
Nthawi zambiri, mafakitole omanga kumunsi ndi malo ogulitsa nyumba azikhala ndi vuto linalake pakukula kwa kufunikira kwa zinthu zomangira ma cellulose ether.Pamene kukula kwa mafakitale omanga nyumba ndi malo ogulitsa nyumba kumakhala mwachangu, kufunikira kwa zinthu zomangira ma cellulose ether pamsika wakunyumba kukukulirakulira.Pamene kukula kwa mafakitale omanga nyumba ndi malo ogulitsa nyumba kumacheperachepera, kufunikira kwa zinthu zomanga kalasi ya cellulose ether pamsika wapakhomo kudzachepa, kupangitsa mpikisano wamakampaniwa kukhala wokulirapo ndikufulumizitsa kupulumuka kwa mabizinesi pamsika uno. .
Kuyambira mchaka cha 2012, potengera kuchepa kwa ntchito yomanga nyumba ndi malo ogulitsa nyumba, sipanakhale kusinthasintha kwakukulu pakufunidwa kwazinthu zomangira ma cellulose ether pamsika wapakhomo.Zifukwa zazikuluzikulu ndi izi: choyamba, kukula kwakukulu kwa mafakitale omanga nyumba ndi malo ogulitsa nyumba ndi aakulu, ndipo kufunikira kwa msika ndi kwakukulu;Msika waukulu wogula zinthu zomangira kalasi ya cellulose ether wakula pang'onopang'ono kuchokera kumadera otukuka azachuma ndi mizinda yoyamba ndi yachiwiri kupita kumadera apakati ndi kumadzulo ndi mizinda yachitatu, kukulitsa kuthekera ndi malo akukula kwa zofuna zapakhomo;2, Kuchulukitsa kwa cellulose ether kumawerengera mtengo wochepa wa zida zomangira, ndipo ndalama zomwe kasitomala m'modzi amagwiritsa ntchito ndizochepa.Makasitomala amwazikana, omwe angapangitse mosavuta kufunika kokhazikika.Zofunikira zonse pamsika wakumunsi ndizokhazikika;3, Kusintha kwa mtengo wamsika ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimakhudza kapangidwe kazinthu zomangira ma cellulose ether.Kuyambira 2012, mtengo wa zinthu zomangira kalasi mapadi efa wachepa kwambiri, kuchititsa kuchepa kwambiri mitengo ya m'ma mankhwala apamwamba-mapeto, kukopa makasitomala ambiri kugula ndi kusankha, kuwonjezera kufunika kwa m'ma mankhwala apamwamba, ndi kufinya kufunikira kwa msika ndi malo amtengo wazinthu zamtundu wamba.
Chitukuko ndi kukula kwamakampani opanga mankhwala zidzakhudza kufunikira kwa mankhwala a cellulose ether.Kuwongolera kwa moyo wa anthu komanso kutukuka kwamakampani azakudya kumathandizira kufunikira kwa msika wama cellulose ether.
6. Kukula kwa cellulose ether
Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwamapangidwe a msika wa cellulose ether, zinthu zabuka pomwe mabizinesi omwe ali ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana amatha kukhalira limodzi.Poyankha kusiyanitsa kodziwikiratu kwa kufunikira kwa msika, opanga mapadi a cellulose ether atengera njira zopikisana zotengera mphamvu zawo, komanso akugwira bwino momwe msika ukuyendera.
(1) Kuwonetsetsa kukhazikika kwazinthu kudzakhalabe malo opikisana nawo mabizinesi a cellulose ether
Cellulose etheramawerengera ndalama zochepa zopangira m'mabizinesi ambiri omwe ali pansi pamakampani awa, koma zimakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwazinthu.Gulu lamakasitomala apamwamba liyenera kuyesa mayeso musanagwiritse ntchito mtundu wina wa cellulose ether.Pambuyo popanga chilinganizo chokhazikika, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kusintha zinthu kuchokera kuzinthu zina, ndipo zofunikira zapamwamba zimayikidwanso pa kukhazikika kwapamwamba kwa cellulose ether.Chodabwitsa ichi ndi odziwika kwambiri m'minda mkulu-mapeto monga zoweta ndi akunja zazikulu zomangira mabizinezi kupanga, excipients mankhwala, zina chakudya, PVC, etc. Kupititsa patsogolo mpikisano wa mankhwala, mabizinesi kupanga ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti bata khalidwe zosiyanasiyana magulu a cellulose ether omwe amaperekedwa amatha kusungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, kuti apange mbiri yabwino pamsika.
(2) Kuwongolera mulingo waukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi njira yachitukuko yamabizinesi apanyumba a cellulose ether
Ndi ukadaulo wochulukirachulukira wopangira ma cellulose ether, luso lapamwamba laukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito ndilopindulitsa kwa mabizinesi kukulitsa mpikisano wawo wambiri ndikupanga ubale wokhazikika wamakasitomala.Mabizinesi odziwika bwino a cellulose ether m'maiko otukuka amatengera njira yopikisana ya "kutsata makasitomala akuluakulu apamwamba ndikupanga mapulogalamu ndikugwiritsa ntchito kumunsi", ndikupangacellulose etherkugwiritsa ntchito ndi mawonekedwe ogwiritsira ntchito, ndikusintha mndandanda wazogulitsa molingana ndi magawo osiyanasiyana ogwiritsira ntchito kuti athandizire kugwiritsa ntchito makasitomala, ndikukulitsa kufunikira kwa msika kudzera mu izi.Mpikisano pakati pa mabizinesi a cellulose ether m'maiko otukuka wasintha kuchoka pakupanga kupita kuukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-31-2023